Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Organizational Structure EssayThis investigate focuses on the job satisfaction direct of employees at Emirates Technical Thermal Systems (ETTS), a construction comp both based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The data collected was examined in relation to the breathing organisational structure within the business, which is primarily a hierarchal one. The study includes information collected from three employee levels at ETTS, which include management, employees, and laborers. The relationship between position in the work organization and job satisfaction for every level of the hierarchal distribution has been studied c arefully both primary and secondary research has been conducted in order to best indicate where the problems lie, and the best ways of improving the underway situations. The outcome and findings from this research have indicated a clear imbalance across the current structure of the company. Job satisfaction is high amongst management, and consistently decre ases at the lower levels of the employee ladder. Job satisfaction plays an important role in the over completely productivity of any break outn industry. Given the growing concern within ETTS regarding the aspect of performance, quality of work, and work overstretch issues, little attention has been paid to workers at the lower levels of the organization hierarchy. originationThere are many aspects of an organization and job role which come into play when analyzing the contributing factors to job satisfaction. In this research paper, a focus was set on company structure, and the contribution of hierarchal distribution in an organization to job satisfaction. Research Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of the research was measuring job satisfaction, in all its aspects, across the various segments within the organizational structure, in order to gain better understanding of where the gaps lie, the factors contributing to dissatisfaction, and the best ways of reconciling the issues. The reaso n wherefore ETTS was selected is due to perceived issues in the organization in regards to communication and harmony across the various levels within its hierarchy, and perceived job dissatisfaction in lower levels. In conducting the research, job satisfaction at ETTS was examined, and primary research was segmented to include sample groups from every level of the organizational structures hierarchy.Key VariablesThe research paper go away analyze the issue by discussing the dependent variable (Job Satisfaction) in relation to the contributing independent variable (Organizational Structure). Job satisfaction will be measurable by discussing contributory aspects, including employee engagement, job involvement, organizational commitment and perceived organizational support. The levels which were examined in relation to the organizational structure are management, employees and laborers.Company BackgroundETTS is a company specialized in electro-mechanical contracting. The company off ers a full range of services related to all types of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, refrigeration, electrical and plumbing systems. The company was ceremonious in 1995, and has a definitive hierarchal structure. As detailed in the companys profile and stated hereunder Management The board of directors of the company, popular manager, operations manager and managers of all departments, branches and projects form the core management group. Employees Personnel who conduct various tasks in different disciplines and report to the above-mentioned managers. Labor force Consists of the manpower that carries out physically demanding work at construction sites. Hence, a definitive hierarchal structure is in place. At the top of the pyramid are those holding management positions, followed by employees, and finally laborers.Report StructureThis report will primarily delve into the literature review, which will detail the findings from secondary research on the topic of structure in r elation to job satisfaction. A thorough description of the primary research findings will follow, in order to give an insight on issues that exist at ETTS, and a comparison of these, and previous findings from secondary sources, on the issue will be made. Next, a detailed purpose based on the findings of the research will be discussed. Recommendations will be given in order to map the best ways of dealing with the existing issues within the organization.MethodologyThe research methodology required gathering relevant data from both primary and secondary sources in order to analyze the real and arrive at a more complete understanding of the effect of organizational hierarchy at ETTS on overall employee job satisfaction as illustrated below.Secondary DataThe bulk of the secondary data used to conduct this research was collected from the UOW online database. A Total of nine scholarly research articles were derived from the university program library database, adding to three which we re obtained from the internet. One example of the articles used was published in the African Journal of Business Management in 2009 and is titled Job satisfaction Does set up make a difference? by S. Z. Eyupoglu and T. Saner. This study was used to relate job satisfaction to employee ranking. Another example is research which was published in the move development international journal in 2010 titled Impact of career plateau and supervisory support on career satisfaction by V. Wickramasinghe and M. Jayaweera. This research was examined to reflect the effect of supervisory support on the overall job satisfaction. Besides the scholarly research articles listed in the reference section, the textbook Organizational mien 15th edition by S. Robbins and T. Judge was utilized as a general guide.

The Doom of the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The Doom of the American Dream EssayThe coupled States in the 1960s was hand proscribed through hard events. legion(predicate) things happened in this decade alike(p) The Vietnam War, that was passing game on for a bit and it affected most people in the U. S. The Cold War was also going on, but people were mostly worried some the Vietnam War. Pres John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy where assassinated in the 1960s. Martin Luther King was also assassinated, and the whole country went on chaos. The baby enlarges 70 million children became teenagers and young magnanimouss in this decade. The Civil Rights Act was am give noniceed to include females.So legion(predicate) things were happening, but the main problem going on was the addiction with drugs and alcohol. There are many literature works coming from this decade, and only reflects to what was going on in that time, like the throw apprehension and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage Journey to the Heart of the America n Dream written by Hunter S. Thompson. Hunter talks ab issue his pilgrimage to Las Vegas and it reflects what was going on in the country. The United States in the 1960s was f all(prenominal)ing apart is what is being present in Hunters book. Hunter S.Thompson believed he had the talent to become a writer and he wrote every day. He was authentically upset by the death of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy because he really believed in them and he called them his guys. After he was in the Chicagos Democratic Convention where he saw people subscribe toting beat, he had the idea that the American Dream was vanishing. He had no time to think about writing this idea of the American Dream because he decided to elude for Sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado, his campaign adopted the name of the Freak Power.He lost the election and then he really knew that the American Dream was dead, at least that is what he thought. A while later he had to go to Las Vegas to cover the Mint 40, a mo torcycle race. Hunter spent some time in Las Vegas as he observe that the heart of the American Dream happened to be there, and he went on the search for it. The idea he had about this is what the book its all about, the subtitle says it all A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. Hunters book is in the category of nonfiction/journalism.The book goes in chronological rescript with all the events that happened while Hunter was in Las Vegas. In his book he starts by going to the Mint 40, and all his crazy adventures with drugs and alcohol. He disobeyed all the laws he could think of, and he was in constant paranoid. This was a good thing because it reflected how shitty the country status was. After all the trouble he causes he wants to leave, but he stayed to cover a Drug Convention in a hotel in Las Vegas. After the Drug Convention, and before leaving, he went on the be given for the American Dream.He pinchs at a fast food restaurant where he asks where he can find the American Dream and he is sent to an old Psychiatrists Club The owner of a gas station across the road said the place had burned cut out about three years ago. This only proves that the American Dream is dead, even if it was save a causality that he was sent to that particular place. At the end he lives Las Vegas and ends somewhere else to keep living his life. There are many characteristics that express this period of time 1960s their people and places one of them is no rules, out of control.There are many examples in the book to prove this right like drugs, alcohol, guns, and leaving the hotels without paying, all over the book. It all starts in the beginning of the book where he starts talking about all the drugs that they got for their trip to Las Vegas, Getting hold of the drugs had been no problem (12) On one of his flashbacks he remembered a night in San Francisco, All this white stuff on my sleeve is LSD. He said nonhing. Merely grabbed my arm and began sucking on i t. (66) its really crazy to receipt that this really happened.When he was trying to leave Las Vegas for the first time, he end up with a gun and start to think what he would say if he gets caught with it, A good. 357 is a hard thing to get, these days. So I figured, well, just get this bugger back Malibu, and its mine. My riskmy gun it made better sense. (71) Things like these happened throughout the book and it got worse and worse, like the time where he tried this new drug and took too much of it even when his attorney told him not to, he was paralyzed for a while, You took too much.Youre about to explode. Jesus, look at your face (133) These kind of problems with drugs, not only happened to Hunter because it was also on the news he read and wrote in his book, Doctors said Friday they were uncertain whether surgery would succeed in restoring the eyeballight of a young man who pulled out his eyes while suffering the effects of a drug overdose in a jail cell. (101) Another examp le for this characteristic is the fact that they stayed at dickens different hotels in Las Vegas without money.In both hotels they left without paying, but first they destroyed the room We had ordered everything into that room that human hands could carryincluding about six hundred bard of translucent Neutrogena soap. (70) When he tried to leave the first hotel he was freaking out, while waiting for the carboy to arrive The Shark Where was it? I tossed the motif aside and began to pace. Losing control. I felt my whole act slipping (75) On the second hotel he did the same thing, he lied to get past by saying he was a Doctor of Journalism.A second characteristic is the lost generation. The first young adult they met appears at the beginning of the book they neer got his name, but they called him hitchhiker. The hitchhiker got in the car and kept quiet as he listened to all the nonsense from Hunters and his attorney, a couple of miles later he decided to run away, His feet hit the asphalt abnd he started running back to struggleds Baker. Out in the middle of the desert, not a tree in sight. (19) The second young adult they met in this trip was Lucy.A young girl that Hunters attorney met on the plane to Las Vegas and gave her drugs, then took advantage of her Shes running away from home for something like the fifth time in six months. (114) They knew what they did was bad and they tried to get rid of Lucy. What were two young adults doing away from home like the hitchhiker and Lucy? This only shows that parents didnt wipe out the control on their kids, mainly on young adults that run away searching for something only they k directly or at least hope to find.Another characteristic is paranoid and fear, this is in several pages just like the drugs and alcohol. They knew they were breaking the law, even though they didnt care they were calm down afraid of getting caught. Like when they tried to get rid of Lucy as soon as possible, he thought of all the things that could happen to him, What would happen to this scummy wretch when we cut her loose? Jail? White slavery? (117) He got really nervous when Lucy called their room after they thought they got rid of her, he imagined being in court and that they would all believe the innocent Lucy.Or when they left the first hotel and Hunter was afraid of being followed, BOOM, Flashing paranoia. What kind of rat-bastard psychotic would be given that sonright not, at this moment? Has somebody followed me here? (85) Lastly power seeking, all authority figures and trying to be someone important is a strong characteristic in the book. Like a man that even though he was a police officer he didnt get the respect he wanted, when Hunter arrived the hotel and got his room everybody where astonished.They were stupid with shock. Here they were arguing with every piece of leverage they could command, for a room theyd already salaried forand suddenly their whole act gets side-swiped by some crusty drifter who lloks like something out of an upper-Michigan hobo jungle. (108) Also, through the book Hunter would use identities that werent his, like Doctor of Journalism, police officer, or that they were undercover detectives, all to just get away with what they wanted.Even at the end to get drugs, I jerked out my wallet and let her see the police badge while I flipped through the deck until I located my Ecclesiastical Discount Cardwhich identifies me as a Doctor of Divinity, a certified Minister of the Church of the New Truth. (203) this part is a little ironic because of what it says and what he is trying to get with it. The United States being presented in Hunters work is really unbelievable at least it is compared to now in the year 2008. In the book all the people were divided in two, the good guys and the bad guys.But the good guys were ten years behind the bad guys and of what they are trying to stop, and all I learned was that the National District Attorneys Association is abou t ten years behind the grim truth and harsh kinetic realities of what they have only just recently learned to call the Drug Culture in this foul year of Our Lord, 1971. (201) He good guys are going to take a really long time to stop this and theres nothing they can do, just like in the essay Drugs by Gore Vidal, is hard to stop something like drug addiction that has been going on for quite a time.Another essay like Cultural Critique by Anthony Burgess, a orthogonal man that spend some time in the United States and wrote this essay saying how bad was the U. S. he noticed that the country is in a bad shape, but what I like about this essay and what I agree with is that the country is still young and growing up because it is being reflect now almost 50 years later. After all the time of confusion and chaos there finally a little peace today, except for the war in Iraq. Maybe we have learned from our past mistakes because even though drug is a big thing today too, I feel it is not as b ad as it used to be before.I see the 1960s as a bad decade, but also fun at the same time because the country being so young it was easy to get away with anything not like today that you get caught for anything. I desire I could have lived in that decade because I would have had fun, not with drugs, but with not paying hotel bill and driving nice cars. I could have been anything like a police officer and nobody would have notice Im lying. Also, even thought the book reflects the American Dream dead, for me and many others think otherwise now-a-days with our new future president being elected, Obama.Obama represent hope in times like these that reflects a little what was going on in the 1960s, hope that everything will get better, the hope that its retaining young adults from confusion. A president that is half African-American, it reflects that also racism is being left begin. Hopefully the 1960s will be more than a bad/fun decade, because we have to learn from our mistakes like we have been doing, a generation of permanent cripples, failed seekers, who never unsounded the essential old-mystic fallacy of the Acid-Culture the desperate assumption that somebodyor at least some foceis tending that Light at the end of the tunnel.

Shipping companies listed on New Yorks Stock Exchange

Shipping companies listed on new Yorks Stock ExchangeThis study was based on 21 tape transport companies listed in pertly York Stock Exchange, over the period of 2005 to 2009. On the panel below the selected shipping companies atomic number 18 shown.Shipping Companies listed in the New York Stock ExchangeDIANA SHIPPING INCNAVIOS oceanic HOLDINGS INC3SAFE BULKERS INC4GENCO SHIPPING TRADING confine5TEEKAY CORPORATION6TSAKOS ENERGY NAVIGATION LIMITED7EXCEL maritime CARRIERS LTD8DANAOS CORPORATION9AEGEAN MARINE PETROLEUM NETWORK INCORPORATION10FRONTLINE LIMITED11SEACOR HOLDINGS INCORPORATED12NORDIC TANKERS13GLOBAL SHIP LEASE INCORPORATION14GENERAL MARITIME CORPORATION15SEASPAN CORPORATION16SHIP FINANCE INTERNATIONAL LIMITED17KIRBY CORPORATION18OVERSEAS SHIPHOLDING GROUP, INC19DHT MARITIME INCORPORATION20INTERNATIONAL SHIPHOLDING CORPORATION21TIDEWATER INCThis paper seeks to examine the alliance among trio corporal plaque mechanisms ( placard composition, chief executive statu s and audit military commission) and some unbendable performance measures (return on investment funds capital, return on equity, Return on Assets and Current Ratio). Also, the essay examines the kindred among these three corporate governance mechanisms and the operating performance (Net Sales to in ope proportionalityn(p) Cost) of the mountains.Part 1 merged GovernanceCorporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corpo ration (or company) is directed, administered or controlled with the objective to enhance shargonholders wealth. Corporate governance withal includes the human relationships among the stakeholders involved and the goals by which the corporation is governed.It is supposed that better corporate governance leads to better corporate performance by preventing the expropriation of controlling shargonholders and ensuring better decision-making. Corporate governance is a priority on with financial indicator s when evaluating investment decisions according to investors. The majority of them be prepared to pay a premium for companies having high governance standards. On the opposite, there are as well as bad forms of corporate governance that lead corporations to problems. Good corporate governance is considered to be a fundamental necessity to run a firm successfully. that corporate governance is a process which squeeze out ensure growth for a firm and the economy in general.Most of the selected shipping companies are outside private issuers established in Marshal or Bermuda islands. The minority of the selected companies are U.S corporations. Consequently most of them are not take to comply with the corporate governance practices followed by U.S. companies following the New York Stock Exchange (big board) listing standards. However, they are required to state any signifi cannistert differences betwixt their corporate governance practices and the practices required by the NYSE ac cording to Section 303.A.11 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual.Furthermore almost every chosen shipping company adopts NYSE required practices, much(prenominal) as having a majority of independent directors, establishing audit and compensation and nominating committees as well as adopting a Code of Ethics.NYSE requires companies to adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines. The guidelines should address to the director qualification standards, the director responsibilities, the director access to forethought and independent advisers, the director compensation, the director orientation and continuing education, management season as well as an annual performance evaluation. However, most of the shipping companies trade in NYSE are not obliged to comply with these rules due to that they are foreign private issuers as well as most of them are offshore. For these companies there is no obligation of complying with any corporate governance guidelines or code of ethics. Sharehol ders can be informed via the annual reports and Code of Ethics, both of which swallow been publicly filed by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission available on the companies web-sites. Corporate governance guidelines and shipping companies intend to publish an over suck up of the Companys guiding principles which focuses on social issues. This Code cannot cover every applicable law or bear answers to all questions that may arise but it can set out general principles about an organization belief on matters such as mission, quality, conflicts of interest, inside reporting, privacy or the environment. Furthermore, it may define proper procedures to de preconditionine whether a violation of the code of ethics has occurred.Code of ethics and corporate social debt instrument is a neglected issue in the shipping industry. Traditionally there is no reason for the shipping companies to invest in advertising or in any other activity that could improve their image. Consequen tly the main goal of the management of a shipping company is to attract as many as possible new clients. Any characteristic that can improve the reputation of the company is not a priority for the managers of a shipping company. Many days have passed and shipping companies were not obliged to follow some rules of social responsibilities. Fortunately, the last decade various regulations have been imposed to the operation of a shipping company, although the control mechanisms were not always efficient.Board of DirectorsAn important aspect that influences the corporate governance is the venire of directors. The card of directors plays an important intention to the company operation. It oversees top management and is entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring and supervising the company resources and operation. Moreover, it downstairstakes the obligation of appointing a qualified person as the Chief Executive Officer and other management staff. Therefore, the tabular array is seen as a team of individuals with fiduciary responsibilities of leading and directing a firm, with the primary objective of protecting the shareholders interests with high sense of integrity and commitment to the firm.The role of the Board is meaning(a) in designing efficient corporate monitoring and ratification mechanisms. With respect to reducing agency costs at the Board level, Boards of directors have three key decision rights (1) Monitoring (2) Ratification (3) Reward and punishment rights. They may even remove top managers from their positions and sanction them for their decisions. NYSE rules require the sizing of the board of directors not to be smaller than three members. As it can be observed by the survey the size of the board of directors of the smack is between louver and seven members. Although there are some shipping companies that have more than seven members in the board and some others that have less than five members.It can be cerebrate that the majority of the board members in the board of directors are outside directors (member of a company board of directors who is not an employee or stakeholder in the company). The role of independent directors on the board of directors is to effectively monitor and control firm activities in reducing opportunistic managerial behaviors and expropriation of firm resources. The majority of the board members are outsiders for most of the companies some of them use relatives as well as acquaintances as board members. This indicates a tendency for the shipping companies to be governed by a closed team of people. In accordance to NYSE rules the board should have audit, compensation, and nominating committees made up entirely by outside directors. Almost all of them are consisted by the three obligatory committees opposed to the majority of the selected shipping companies that do not have the obligation to comply with the NYSE rules. The role of these committees is significant they are assigned to evaluat e the boardThe role of the Audit CommitteeThe purpose of the Audit Committee is toMonitor the integrity of the firm financial statements.Monitor the qualifications, freedom and performance of the company independent auditors.Monitor the performance of the company internal audit function.The audit committee ensures that the books of the company are not fake and that shareholders are properly informed of the financial status of the firm.In this essay it is made an effort to examine the importance of the audit committee in shipping companies listed in the New York Stock Exchange. NYSE requires from a listed U.S. company to have an audit committee with a minimum of three members. But it is permitted by Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that audit committees of foreign companies can have less than three independent members in the audit committee.The Chief Executive Officer (chief operating officer) military positionThe Chief Executive Officer position and the whole m anagement team is an important position to hold in a corporation. They are responsible forOperating the firm in an effective way.Preparing the annual operating plans and budgets.Establishing an effective system of internal control.In this essay it is examined the role of the Chief executive officer ( chief executive officer) in the shipping companies. There are two types of leadership structure i.e. combined leadership structure and separated structure. Combined leadership structure happens when the chief operating officer is also the chairman of the board. On the other hand separated leadership structure takes place when the Chairman of the board is a different person from the CEO. Many studies identifying the implications of CEO duality exist. It is thought that the operating performance may be improved as a result of less debate among the CEO and chairman and/or other directors. From the sample of the shipping companies that it was taken a significant tendency cannot be provided . In some of the shipping companies the CEO is also the chairman of the board while in others is not.Part 2MethodologyThe aim of this research is to figure out if the corporate governance mechanisms have an effect on firm performance. Therefore, the measurement of firm performance is primarily comprised of two factors operating and financial performance.The data used for this research were extracted from the audited financial statements of 21 shipping companies listed in the New York Stock Exchange. The survey covers the time period through 2005 2009. The sample consists of the annual observations for the board size of every company, for the CEO status and for the size of the audit committee of every shipping company. The aim of the research is to find if these corporate governance mechanisms influence the operating and financial performance ratios. Consequently relapsing models have been constructed in nightspot to prove the association between the corporation governance in ope rating and financial performance.Microsoft Excel and the statistical package Eviews were used so as to collect the data run the appropriate regressions and identify the results. Moreover except from the companies annual reports a lot of information was extracted through the Thomson Database. In the end decorate data methodology was adopted because it combined time series and cross sectional data. The method of analysis is that of multiple regressions and the method of estimation is Ordinary least(prenominal) Squares (OLS).By running the appropriate regressions via Eviews and by using Return on equity and the profit margin as the dependent variables, the results were considered inadequate. Consequently it was considered integral to prevent to further research. That is why the below financial ratios were used as dependent variables.For the financial performanceReturn on equity ratio Profitability ratio, it can indicate the management effectivenessReturn on assets ratio Profitabilit y ratio, it can also indicate the management effectivenessReturn on investment capital ratio Profitability ratio, it can also indicate the management effectivenessCurrent ratio fluidnessratioFinally in order to measure the operating performanceThe above formulas contributed on calculating the ratios of the shipping companies for the time period of 2005 2009. Moreover, many independent variables were used to define the most perfect and specifically those that would give some results.Consequently as independent variables are defined the aboveOut_Board = the proportion of the independent directors over the total directors.CEO = if the aforementioned(prenominal) person occupies the post of the chairman of the board and the Chief executive is defined by valuing with zero, otherwise value with one.Audcom1 = the proportion of the audit committee.In the end in order to run the regression, the economic models should be defined.For the return on equityFor the return on assetsFor the retur n on investment capitalFor the current ratioSo as to measure the operating performance of the shipping companies the above economic model was used.Furthermore the above parameters should be defined.oConstant term1Coefficient of the regression2 Coefficient of the regression3 Coefficient of the regressioneit Disturbance termEmpirical Results and DiscussionIt is important to mention some important data before continuing to comment on the outputs of the regression. First of all the regression outputs will be tested for all the three confidence intervals 90%,95% and 99%. In order to have a statistical significant output the t statistic has to be greater than 1.64, 1.96 and 2.576 respectively. Moreover so as to have a statistically significant variable the p value has to be less than 0,1 , 0.05 and 0.01 respectively.As it can be observed from the knock back below, the three independent variables are statistically insignificant because the t statistics are lower than the critical value s. Moreover it can be confirmed because all the p values are greater than the level of significance. babelike variable star ROEMethod embellish Least SquaresTotal panel (unbalanced) observations 99VariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.OUT_BOARD-0.006830.552604-0.012360.9902CEO0.0174370.170980.1019820.919AUDCOM1-0.0027960.101423-0.0275710.9781C0.186610.5296410.3523340.7254R-squared0.000114 adjust R-squared-0.031461F-statistic0.003613Prob(F-statistic)0.999698S.E. of regression0.791347Dependent Variable ROAMethod Panel Least SquaresTotal panel (unbalanced) observations 99VariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.OUT_BOARD-0.0957210.061678-1.5519560.124CEO-0.0322320.019084-1.6889720.0945AUDCOM10.0093890.011320.8293870.409C0.1400990.0591152.3699540.0198R-squared0.078318Adjusted R-squared0.049212F-statistic2.690791Prob(F-statistic)0.050602S.E. of regression0.088325Dependent Variable ROAMethod Panel Least SquaresTotal panel (unbalanced) observations 99VariableCoefficientStd. Er rort-StatisticProb.OUT_BOARD-0.1045520.060653-1.7237730.088CEO-0.0284250.018493-1.5370330.1276C0.1713870.0454393.7718070.0003R-squared0.071644Adjusted R-squared0.052303F-statistic3.704289Prob(F-statistic)0.028204S.E. of regression0.088181It is unequivocal from the tables above that there is a correlation between return on assets and the independent variables. On the first table it can be observed that the CEO independent variable is statistically significant on 10% confidence interval. Also R- Squared is 7.16% of the variability of the return on assets and is explained by the regression. On the siemens table one independent variable is excluded from the regression in order to prove that the proportion of the outside directors over the total number of the board is also statistically significant at the 90% confidence interval.It is evident that these two variables influence the financial performance of the shipping companies that are selected in the sample.On the table below it is s hown the regression output between the return on investment capital and the independent variables. It can be observed that the proportion of the outside directors and the CEO are statistically significant on the 90% confidence interval. It implies that the majority of the sampled firms, in the period under study, have separate persons occupying the posts of chief executive and the board chair.Dependent Variable ROICTotal panel (unbalanced) observations 97Method Panel Least SquaresVariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.OUT_BOARD-0.1087580.062348-1.7443670.0844CEO-0.0318690.019189-1.6607410.1001AUDCOM10.005420.0113770.4764050.6349C0.1994760.0593413.3615320.0011R-squared0.081182Adjusted R-squared0.051542F-statistic2.738981Prob(F-statistic)0.047783S.E. of regression0.088251Dependent Variable CURRENT_RATIOMethod Panel Least SquaresTotal panel (unbalanced) observations 99VariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticOUT_BOARD0.5548211.4987860.37018CEO-0.6365880.463736-1.372737AUDCOM10.538 5690.2750821.95785C0.9541221.4365040.664197R-squared0.047648Adjusted R-squared0.017574F-statistic1.584356Prob(F-statistic)0.198271S.E. of regression2.146311Another ratio so as to observe the financial performance of a company is the current ratio. By running a regression it can be concluded that the audit committee size is statistically significant at a 90% and 95% confidence interval. Because of the different financial performance ratio it can be observed a different correlation between the dependent and the independent variable. On the particular output the positive relationship between the liquidity ratio and the audit committee seems to be a very reasonable result. Shipping companies follow the corporate governance guidelines which are given by the NYSE for the audit committees.In the end a regression was run for the operating performance of the shipping companies. On the table below it is shown that the proportion of the outside directors is statistically significant at 90% con fidence interval with t statistic greater than the critical values. Also it is shown that the audit committee variable is also statistically significant for all the confidence intervals. But the R squared of the output is very low which means that only the 8.76% of the variability of the dependent variable is explained.Dependent Variable OPER_PERFMethod Panel Least SquaresTotal panel (unbalanced) observations 99VariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.OUT_BOARD-0.9515850.50254-1.8935520.0613CEO0.0836540.155490.5380050.5918AUDCOM1-0.238750.092234-2.5885140.0112C3.1097290.4816576.4563210R-squared0.087671Adjusted R-squared0.05886F-statistic3.043024Prob(F-statistic)0.032629S.E. of regression0.719653Descriptive statisticsThe table below presents the result of the descriptive statistics analysis between the dependent variables and the independent variables by measuring the mean, the standard deviation and the percentage of distribution range of the pooled age of the sample under st udy.Descriptive StatisticsOper_PerfRoaRoeRoicCur_ratioOut_BoardCEOAUDCOM1Mean1.7418540.0782020.181830.116033.2431120.7622110.4747472.808081Median1.5271390.0720550.1564490.1101341.861320.77777803Maximum5.4098940.5131773.845730.36896670.57955115Minimum0.889839-0.42841-4.60062-0.412850.14060.42857101Std. Dev.0.7377460.0905810.7791850.090457.1007460.1530310.5019030.816623Skewness1.867152-0.45139-1.94635-1.542548.614659-0.206590.1011390.250996Kurtosis8.23328916.3264724.7683514.1785781.75662.0852151.0102293.44567Jarque-Bera177.3846735.94032017.183549.119227351.864.15611216.500431.858795Probabil.000000.1251730.0002610.394791Sum179.4117.74199318.0011911.3709327.554375.4588947278Sum Sq. D.55.515390.80409159.498670.7935795042.062.29502124.6868765.35354Observ.103999998101999999As it can be referred from the table above the number of the observations is all close to the hundred. This is because some of the data were not available and could not be extracted from the financial reports. Moreover a nother reason of the lack of some data is that some of the shipping companies were listed in the New York Stock Exchange subsequently 2005.ConclusionThe aim of this essay was to prove that there is a relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and firm performance using a sample of 21 shipping companies which are listed in the New York Stock Exchange from 2005 until 2009. The study used firm performance ratios and three mechanisms to prove the above relationship. Panel data methodology is employed the method of analysis is multiple regressions and the method of estimation is Ordinary Least Squares. The study concludes to the followingsThere is no significant relationship between ROE and none of the independent variables.There is a significant relationship among ROA and CEO status and the proportion of the outside directors.There is significant relationship among ROIC, board composition and CEO status.There is a significant relationship between Current ratio and audit commi ttee.And there is a significant relationship among operating performance, board composition and audit committee.Concerning future research, efforts should be made to increase the sample size and the corporate governance variables to achieve a clearer view about the affection of the corporate governance mechanisms on the shipping companies. It can be said that shipping industry has been expanded all over the domain from family to family. It is a closed industry which excludes many people. Consequently the nature of the industry makes it very difficult to perform an in depth research and establish an outcome.References nett Siteshttp//www.investopedia.com/http//en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dianashippinginc.comHome page

Market Research into the London Zoo

Market Research into the London ZooThe London zooIntroductionThe London zoo was truly devout before but now it is facing paradoxs because visitor number is reducing very much. The government planned to deal with this bunk either by completion the zoo or supporting it more with m iodiney and other things so that it drop continue. Recently, they held a meeting and decided that it is good to do a query so that the zoo throne be made to be more profit qualified in the future.The manager of the zoo decided to tell a college schoolchild to do a market research so that they can write out what the visitors ar speak uping about the zoo and what the visitors want. Now, on that point argon umpteen sense issues about zoo and about animals and rough people are enquire why they are keeping animals in zoo and non in the wildlife. This is a difficult question for the managers of zoo to keep. But the zoo still is attracting many visitors from other country and from local.So we wan t to talk about the questionnaire which they used for the zoo research.The questionnaire is very Copernican document if doing research and this can be done by anybody, but those who are doing questionnaire should follow the right process in qualification it so that the reason for the questionnaire can be known carefully. IT is a primary rule of nourishting data from the source. Primary methods are good as you get first experience. There are other methods called secondary method where training is taken from what had already been made (Creswell, J. 2003 219).Some things which they must consider when making a questionnaire is that (Struwig F., 2001 89-90)The questions should be simple and easy to understand so that those who answer can non aline a problem with this.The questionnaire must be having just enough questions, non in addition much because, if too much, it is not good. The respondents of questionnaire are not having all time to answer.The one making questionnaire shoul d say why he is making it, what is purpose and who necessitate to use it. This gives assurance to those who answer so that they know what is to be done.The questionnaire too, must have closed questions which fall upon the one who answer not struggle to trust about answer, if it does not have close questions, indeed it is difficult sometime to think about the answer.The question to be stipulation must be very appropriate for the topic, for example in case of London zoo they have to ask not about politics but about the zoo. This is very important to have relevant information.It is also good to use simple language which everyone can understand and to create common understanding so that people not struggle to answer it.CompareThis questionnaire of London zoo was made to serve up find problems facing the London zoo and to use it for making future plans that can solve the problems.But if we look at the progress, it is seen that this questionnaire has some difference with what is be st method. the likeThis questionnaire does not tell the respondents about their confidential carrys. It should say that all information given leave be used carefully for the benefit of London zoo.It is very long. The problem is that it is very long and so it is not good. Most respondents impart be visitors who want to see animals and when they sit down, they want to relax not to fill questionnaire, he should. For all these questions the visitors will just rush and rush and not do anything good.The questionnaire also is using rating method. This is not as per best practice because it asks that question to be different that so that the respondents are able to know how to do the rating.In some areas of this questionnaire, the language used was not average and may make people to struggle to answer.Strengths and the weaknesses of the London zoo questionnaireThis questionnaire it has some areas which are good and some which are not good. The strengths and weaknesses are in this table .StrengthsIt got many questions and likely to answer many answers that is wanted by the manager.It has rating method so at analysis stage, this can be done quickly.It asks many relevant questions about the zoo and about animals.WeaknessesIt is very long, with more than 30 questions which make it very time consuming.No objectives are given in the questionnaire.Some questions are not clear, like questions 19a, b, and c about commitment. This is not clear.This questionnaire is of bad layout and the behavior question is arranged it will not be very effective.How Else to gather dataInstead of using this questionnaire, the company could use the face to face oppugn method in this case the one who is looking for answers could go and ask people at the zoo to say what they thing about the situation at the zoo and what can be done to solve the situation.The interview method of data collection has following strengths and weaknessesStrengths of interviewa. At interview, the people can be more willing to take part because they are just answering what they think b. The person asking question but need one write up for questions instead of maybe 1000 and this can be cheap for the process c. At interview, people can be told to explain more about what they think is the situation of the zoo and so more information is taken from them.Weaknesses of interviewInterview may not give anyone chance to think about the situation so they can just answer anything they want which is no good.Interviews also, time consuming because it does need to stand and wait for all answers before going to the adjoining person.It may need many people and can be expensive if all them must be paid salary.The bestFor dealing with the London zoo situation, the best type of method is to use the Interview, this will require a few volunteer to be trained and told to go to field and ask questions. It will not only meet those at the restaurant or those relaxing, but anyone can answer.For this method to be succ essful, some questions to be moved and also when asking questions, the interviewers can clarify to the respondent so that they get it clearly.2. IP matrix its work and what changes be made to 99 matrix (Slack N., 2007 pg 76-78)IP matrix is to help in making good importance mathematical operation decision, about managing the company or organisations. It show a grid of 99 where we see importance and performance on one side and the other.The importance area is the area where at that place is need an action is taken. It this areas that we have to act. Performance also, is important. In different zones of IP matrix, there is different urgency for performance.Some action is immediately to taken and others are not.The IP matrix also, makes company or organisations know what it needs to remove from the list. Like anything excess is not want now and should removed complete.Changes to IP matrixThe 99 matrix is not to be used all situations. It can not give all the good answers need in all s ituation. It needs changes.The 99 matrix show different points in the graph. Some point is of need urgent action. There is need to be done fast. But others not so much do need action urgently.The IP matrix for lay London zoo is to be very big. The 9z9 cannot used to put all the information. IN this London zoo, is there many overall figures and all is used so we have to be very careful.The other change is about this grid. We just need to use line to draw and say all factors in one region is ok the other factor in another region is need changes. This is shown in region A and region B.Items of Region A they need urgent action priority and those of B are moderate.Use IP matrixIP matrix is a tool for managers to make decisions about rivulet the company. They see on the matrix that there are some things that need urgent action and some things which do not.The managers use the matrix to decide how to uprise the future so that they are in a good position to develop the organisations.IP m atrix can also be used as a first stage to doing a statistical evaluation like in using a method like Correlation and Hypothesis examination which are other methods which can be used.Action graph (appendix area)Other methods which can be used apart from the IP matrix are concord to (Freeman D., 2007), there are other methods which may be used to develop and solve this problem apart from IP matrix.Correlation it is about testing if there is a relationship between to things for example in the case of London zoo, they may want to test if the facilities at the zoo, discourage the number of visitors. It is important to know what one or two factors affect the others.Hypothesis testing In this method the work is to make a conclusion that is not confirmed then to try and confirm the conclusion which has been made. Hypothesis can be Null or alternates.These could be used instead of IP matrixAdvantages of CorrelationIt is a method that can be use to explain the relationship between two variab les, like A and B.It helps to know exactly which thing to deal with so that resources are not wasted like if variable A is the cause of Bs problem, the there is no need to deal with B, ,we just deal with A and save resources.DisadvantagesIt requires many calculations with a difficult formulae and this may be tiring the researcher.This method may not tell us what to do, it is just indicative and cannot be taken as it is.Hypothesis testingAdvantages-It gives the researcher the fake destination or objective so the researcher is having a guide on where to go.-It usually good for difficult situations like it can check the expected results versus the observed using what are called Chi square analysis.Disadvantages-This method is difficult to use became it has many stages of using.-This method does not specify what answer is or the problem. This method depends on the unconfirmed conclusion to be made and this can be a problem if there is no hypothesis.My returns to this matrixIf I make a matrix, I could suggest that the IP matrix be changed in some ways.My improvement to this matrix is from some number of things like1. Use a design of only four boxes like a table. Not nine sections but only 4. This is easy to use and also the things can be put easily in 4 sections than in 9 sections.2. Picking only few items which are very important from the ratings so that the iP is made with a few information than too many information which can be confusion.3. The questionnaire below is given as the alternative to the one which was made by MBA student for London zoo.There are some best practices points which have been giving in this questionnaire, these area. They questionnaire is not long. It is just a enough number of questionsb. The writer tries to use simple language so that those who are going to answer the questionnaire will find it simple to answer.c. We try to put in the open ended questions so that it can be easy for the people to just tick the right answers.d. This also assure of confidentiality of the respondents who will answer.ConclusionLondon zoo should try and find the real reason for all the problems it is facing. There are other external reasons for which null is can be done. But in the internal place, they should see that processes and cleanliness is maintained.They can also use TV advertisement during when time of festival is about to gain then to bring more people to the zoo.This will bring more customers and bring money and will make the zoo to improve very much.This questionnaire made, can be used to find the main reasons why there is problem at the zoo. They can use the information to improvement by the management.ReferencesCreswell., J. (2003) Resaerch desing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. SAGE. second Edn.Freeman D., (2007) Statistical models. Theory. Cambridge. Pg,.6Slack N., (2007) Operations management. Pearson. 5th Edition.Struwig F., (2001) Planning, designing and reporting research. Pearson South Afri ca. Pg 89-90

Smoke Signals Film Analysis

Smoke Signals Film AnalysisRising From the Ashes A Tale of the Boys of upgradeThe movie Smoke Signals (Directed by Chris Eyre) tells the story of two boys, Victor Joseph and Thomas Builds-the-Fire, and their quest to get Arnold Josephs (Victors experience) ashes from Phoenix, Arizona. But its really a story abtaboo life, death, and transition life in the birth of the boys and their coming of age, death in the collection of Arnolds ashes, and the rebirths they both undergo along the trip. Thomas makes the statement that he and Victor atomic number 18 born of fire and ash they are both born of fire and ash, and regenerate through surface the movie through both fire and ash.Thomas being thrown from the burn house gives the allusion that he was born from flames. The baby Thomas being flung from the flames is a direct allusion to the phoenix myth, he was reborn when he flew from the flames. The detail that Victors father caused the fire in the first place and then saved Thomas al so shows a rebirth of Arnold, because he saved Thomas out of guilt for starting the fire that killed Thomas parents in the first place. Arnold catching Thomas is the only reason the child survives, giving Arnold a get out of jail free card for starting the fire only Arnold cant let it go and spends the rest of his life beating himself (as well as his married woman and child) up about starting that fire all those years ago.Thomas tells stories about Arnold and everyone else on the modesty throughout the movie which are not inescapably true, exactly he believes every word of them. These stories almost always revert back to Arnold, the man who saved his life as an infant. Thomas idolizes Arnold as his savior, having deceased through his initial rebirth with him as his savior. Thomas final rebirth comes when Victor gives him part of Arnolds ashes. Victor has finally realized that Thomas love for his father is a connection they share for the same reason Arnold saved them both from th e fire.Victor is reborn when he collects his fathers ashes from Phoenix (the name being an obvious allegorical reference to the drool of the phoenix), Arizona. Victor cant afford the trip to collect his father, so Thomas convinces Victor to let him come along in permutation for paying both of their ways to Phoenix. Throughout the trip, Thomas recollects stories of Arnold, all of which cast him as the hero and not as the villain Victor sees him as, however, each cadence Thomas tells one of his stories, Victor becomes angry and tells him to just shut up. Victor wants to hold onto the idea of his father as the bad guy, the one who beat him and his bring up and ran off when he was only a child, instead of the man who ran back into the burning building to save him (which he learns from his fathers neighbor while at the trailer park collecting Arnolds ashes and possessions). Once Victor is finally convinced to go into his fathers trailer to check for belongings that he may want, he be gins the rite of letting go, cutting his hair to signify the loss of a loved one.Another rebirth Victor goes through during the collection of his fathers ashes is when he is running for suspensor after the wreck and collapses just as he reaches it. He has just run all night in boots, which were nt intended to be running shoes, and is some dead from exhaustion when he finally makes it to safety but throughout his run he remembers the past and the things he has been told (the truth) about his father and the man he truly was. As he hits the ground he looks up in his feverish and nearly dead state to see his father standing over him, extending a hand to save him again (only this time it isnt his father saving him, its a construction worker he fell to the ground in take care of). When Victor comes to in the hospital, he is a changed man. He has been reborn into a calmer, happier person, even allowing Thomas to tell his stories the whole way back home to the reservation without once correcting him or telling him to shut up.In the final scenes of the movie, Victor is spread his fathers ashes in the river (Thomas had just given him the analogy of his father rising up as a salmon by his ashes being released in this way) and as he scatters the ashes, he screams Victor is finally letting go of all the indite up emotions. All of his hurt feelings, anger, and resentment are released in the battle cry he issues as he spreads his fathers ashes. He has been once again reborn from his fathers ashes, just as a phoenix would. This final rebirth through ash is also given over to fire because as Victor is spreading Arnolds ashes, Arnolds neighbor from the trailer park, the one who found him, sets fire to his trailer in order to cleanse and release Arnolds spirit.This movie is a coming of age tale about to young men who share the common bond of a savior, though neither finds out until the end. Throughout the movie, the phoenix story is heavily referenced, from the burning bu ilding and the boys being saved from it in the beginning, to Arnolds trailer being burned down, to the final scene when Victor is spreading Arnolds ashes in the river. These boys have to take this journey to discover not only who Arnold was, but who they are. Thomas is born of fire, being reborn in the first fire that Arnold not only accidentally started, but then saved him from. Victor is born of ash, the ashes of his father, which caused the journey in the first place which allowed him to learn who his father really was and what he had done for him. The boys left with the family relationship one shares with an annoying kid sibling, but they return friends who share the common bond of Arnold and what he did to save them both.Works CitedSmoke Signals. Dir. Chris Eyre. Perf. Adam Beach, Evan Adams, Irene Bedard. Mirmax, 1998.Film.

Blood Doping :: essays research papers

Running the Race to Obtain the Prize?Each year athletes ability to perform seems to maturation by leaps and bounds. Some reasons for this can be attributed to better training methods, better conditioning techniques, and better over all wellness of the athlete. While most situations involve one or more of the previously scenarios, some athletes always seem to take it to a step further. They engage in a process called blood doping. This procedure does increase physical performance and athletic ability, but potentially may do more harm than good.For aspire of emphasis and understanding, some background information is needed to fully understand exactly what blood doping can do for an individual. In indian lodge for muscles to perform, they need a ready supply of group O. During high intensity exercise, oxygen is depleted and the body can not get enough oxygen to the muscle in order for them to perform their optimal potential. This lack of ability to get oxygen to the muscle is calle d oxygen debt and results in lactic acid being formed. Lactic acid is a waste product of an aerophilic cellular respiration within the muscle tissue, which can cause muscle sourness that, usually, is felt after a securely or long workout. Fatigue usually sets in with the onset of lactic acid production. Oxygen is carried to the muscle by two delivery systems. Three percentage of oxygen is carried in plasma and ninety-seven percent is in hemoglobin, the principal protein in erythrocytes (red blood cells). If hemoglobin amounts are increased, this will lead to increased oxygen levels that can be transported to the muscles. Allowing the muscles to become more fatigue resistant. Blood doping could have opposite effect of those intended. A large infusion of red blood cells could increase blood thickness and cause a decrease in cardiac output and a reduction in oxygen content. Both would reduce aerobic capacity. The human heart was not designed to pump thickened blood throughout the bod y and, therefore, it could lead to a multitude of problems. The diseases that can be promise from autologous blood transfusion are severe. Even more frightening is the list of diseases that can be contracted through homologous blood transfusion. It includes hepatitis, AIDS, malaria, and CMV. In addition, shock is a factor to be aware of. All blood doping procedures used in attempt to improve athletic performance is unethical and unfair. fetching a risk like blood doping to win a race is sad.

American History, 1865-1900 Essay -- United States History Historical

American History, 1865-1900 The years after the civil war left one half of America, the north, satisfied and the other half, the south, mostly dissatisfied. Therefore the last third of the nineteenth century, 1865-1900, was a time period in which America was mending, repairing, improving, reshaping, and reconstructing its society, economy, culture, and policies. Basically it was changing everything it stood for. This continual change can be seen in the following events that took place during this time. These events are both causes and effects of why America is what it is today. These are some examples the reconstruction of the south, the great movement towards the west, the agricultural revolution, the rotate of industrialism, the completion of the transcontinental railroad, and Americas growth to gaining world power. All of these are reasons and events that characterize America as being an ever-changing nation. The south was in economic and affable chaos after its defeat in the war. 1865-1877 was a time period of reconstructing the south, however, it left an everlasting impression that kept the south behind for years to come. The semipolitical apprehension the south felt was due to the fact that there was no more authority and the new states had to deal with the northern states. The question was how the newly reelected capital of Nebraska was going to bring these states back to the Union. His idea was known as the ten percent plan in which ten percent of a states qualified voter would take a loyalty oath to be readmitted into the Union. This would allow the south to get back into the main stream and find some solutions to its many problems. unfortunately for Lincoln and unfortunately for America, Lincoln would be assainated only one month after the south surrendered. This presented America with one more hurdle to overcome, and that hurdle was to ab initio be jumped by the newly appointed President Johnson.As President, Johnson decided to follow Lincolns plans by granting amnesty to almost all former confederates establishing a conditional government and ratifying the thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery. However, Johnson was not the same man as Lincoln for he was quite unpopular, especially with Congress. As the south was in a transitional period, its politics were changing as well. First, the Reconstruction Act allowed blacks to v... ...ay to the rise of big business. Americas population was increasing, many citizens were employed and making money, and more eager to spend. about of the businesses got too big and antitrust acts, such as the Sherman anti-trust act, were passed to control the powers of monopolies and their owners. Not only were there monopolistic companies in the corporate world, there were monopolies in the railroad business as well. The control of railroads became an issue in politics over the abuses and operations of the rail systems. Soon, the federal agencies Interstate Commerce Commission was formed as t he first regulatory agency to control private businesses in the public?s interest. More and more control was placed upon Americas businesses and corporations and from this grew unions, as well as conflicts between management and labor, all of which exist today. America has grown to be the country it is today not by luck, but by the fact that it has struggled in trying to become an independent nation. Regardless of the hardships, turmoil, and chaos it has gone through, the events that occurred between the years 1865-1900 have caused America to be the independent nation that it is today.